SYLLABUS

GS-3: Awareness in the fields of Space; Achievements of Indians in science & technology; indigenization of technology and developing new technology. 

Context: Over the last 12 years, India's space sector has transformed into a global space power through scientific achievements, commercialisation, private-sector participation, and international cooperation, aligned with the vision of Aatmanirbhar Bharat and Viksit Bharat 2047.

About Space Sector Status in India

• The space sector was opened to private participation in 2020, followed by the Indian Space Policy 2023. 

• The number of registered space startups increased from 1 in 2014 to over 400 by February 2026. 

• Investment in Indian space startups crossed $500 million, including nearly $150 million in 2025 alone. 

• Major emerging companies include Pixxel, Skyroot Aerospace, Agnikul Cosmos, Dhruva Space, and Bellatrix Aerospace. 

• Space Economy: India's space economy is currently valued at approximately $8 billion. 

• India contributes around 2–3% of the global space economy. 
• The sector is projected to grow to $40–45 billion over the next decade. 
• India aims to achieve an 8% share of the global space economy by 2030. 

• Institutional Framework

• Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO): National space agency. 
• NewSpace India Limited (NSIL): Commercial arm responsible for commercialising ISRO technologies and services. 
• Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe): Single-window regulator facilitating private sector participation. 

India's Major Space Milestones

• Lunar Exploration Programme (Chandrayaan):

• Chandrayaan-1 (2008): First Indian mission to the Moon that discovered evidence of water molecules and hydroxyl on the lunar surface.
• Chandrayaan-2 (2019): Produced some of the highest-resolution lunar images and strengthened India's lunar science programme.
• Chandrayaan-3 (2023): India became the first country to soft-land near the Moon's South Pole, the fourth nation to achieve a successful lunar soft landing, and confirmed the presence of Sulphur through direct elemental analysis.
• Future Missions: Chandrayaan-4 (2027) is a lunar sample return mission, while Chandrayaan-5/LUPEX (2027–28) is a joint India-Japan mission to explore lunar polar water and volatiles.

• Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan): Successfully entered Martian orbit on 24 September 2014, making India the first country to reach Mars on its maiden attempt, and remained operational for more than eight years.

• Aditya-L1 Mission: India's first dedicated solar observatory, positioned at the Sun-Earth L1 Lagrange Point (1.5 million km from Earth), studies the solar corona, solar winds, and space weather, with more than 27 TB of scientific data released.

• Space Science Missions:

• AstroSat: India's first multi-wavelength space observatory, AstroSat completed a decade in orbit in 2025.
• XpoSat: Launched on 1 January 2024, XPoSat is India's first dedicated X-ray polarimetry mission.

• Space Docking Experiment (SPADEX): Successfully demonstrated autonomous docking and undocking in space in January 2025, making India the fourth nation after the United States, Russia, and China to achieve this capability and validating the indigenous Bharatiya Docking System.

• Human Spaceflight Programme (Gaganyaan): Approved in January 2019, Gaganyaan aims to send up to three astronauts to a 400 km Low Earth Orbit for up to three days through two uncrewed missions and one crewed mission.

• Axiom-4 Experience: Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla participated in the Axiom-4 mission in 2025 and conducted seven microgravity experiments aboard the International Space Station.

• Bharatiya Antariksh Station (BAS): India's planned modular space station under Space Vision 2047, with its first module (BAS-01) approved for launch by 2028, will support long-duration human spaceflight and microgravity research.

• Future Planetary Exploration: Targeted for launch in March 2028, the Venus Orbiter Mission will study Venus' atmosphere, geology, ionosphere, and climate evolution.

Space Sector Reforms and Commercialisation

• Norms, Guidelines and Procedures (NGP) 2024 Framework: Introduced by IN-SPACe, it provides authorization, compliance, and regulatory guidelines for space activities.

• Liberalised Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Policy (2024): Allows 74% FDI (automatic route) in satellite manufacturing and services, 49% FDI in launch vehicles and spaceports, and 100% automatic route FDI in satellite components and subsystems manufacturing.

• Government Support Measures: Includes the ₹1,000 crore Venture Capital Fund, ₹500 crore Technology Adoption Fund, IN-SPACe Seed Fund Scheme, and the Pre-Incubation Entrepreneurship Programme.

• Operational Launch Vehicles: India's operational launch vehicles include PSLV, GSLV, and LVM3.

• Next Generation Launch Vehicle (NGLV): Being developed with a payload capacity of 30 tonnes to Low Earth Orbit.

• Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV): Developed to reduce launch costs through reusable space transportation.

• Space Infrastructure Expansion: Includes the second spaceport at Kulasekarapattinam and the approval of a third launch pad at Satish Dhawan Space Centre with an investment of ₹3,984.86 crore.